Seth Carr's Blog

“I have asked a cross-section of…

sethcarr — Tue, 13 Jul 2010 15:22:37 +0000

“I have asked a cross-section of our senior managers if they would like to participate,” replied the personnel manager of one. “The response was more vociferously negative than I expected. I have therefore given up looking for someone.”
And one top 10 company chairman wrote cheerily: “Sorry to join the “timid”. Good luck with the project.”
When the responses to almost 20,000 questions had been put through VGA’s computer and they revealed that men and women executives have more talents in common than most people imagine ” and some considerable managerial differences too.
Women pay more attention to detail, but are less democratic; men relish change and are more competitive and ambitious.
Women, it is widely believed, are turned down for jobs by men who fear that, without warning and they will take time off to have children.
But the study shows that those dedicated to breaking through the “glass ceiling” on their careers are prepared to sacrifice having a family; the nine women tested had only five children between them; the six men had 10.
(“The woman at my stage of her career probably doesn’t have children,” adds merchant banker Susanna Todd, 31.
“But I and others would not rule out the possibility and though I suspect we would all say “no nanny, no baby”.”)
With severe skills shortages looming, UK companies must promote more women to the most senior positions if they are to stand any chance of competing globally in the next century. Yet the study suggests that women themselves may be hindering their progress.
Of the reasons why females so often fail to make it to the very top and two are basic: some of the best women managers do not achieve their full potential in business because they do not know how exceptional they are, and others fail to get a boardroom seat because they lack the confidence.
Hamilton-Phillips says that most women carry a burden from their kindergarten days: “Boys dominated the playground, girls sat around the side.
It is a British thing to say “it’s not nice” for girls to be confident, and “not ladylike”to express an opinion.” An upbringing in the US, however, brings a different perspective.
“My colleagues have always “used” me to put forward new ideas because I am perceived as one who will take risks in my career,”says Linda Hart and the one US-born female manager who took part, now working back in New Orleans.
“Perhaps this is because I am American and because of the strong equal opportunities laws in the US, which protect women and encourage companies to promote women to executive positions.”

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The target date should be set against these events and progress…

sethcarr — Thu, 08 Jul 2010 00:33:45 +0000

The target date should be set against these events and progress monitored at each stage.
When drawing up the job timetable, forward planning should allow for all known eventualities to be taken into account e.g. other work and holidays.
The work plan timetable will highlight specific requirements which must be either budgeted for or planned as appropriate.
For example, a long period of site activity may require pre-booking of hotel accommodation and measured survey stages could demand additional temporary help.
Time spent in planning is useful particularly where the plan is fully utilised as a formal project network for the organisation of the total job. Delegation
Not all surveyors have the same ambition and aptitude, and unless training is the reason for putting appropriate surveyors on to certain jobs, it is advisable to select those individuals who have experience relevant to, and interest in and the particular project in hand. In the latter case, delegation becomes possible.
The complexity of the job will to some extent dictate the level of personnel required, and detailed consideration should be given to the optimum staff structure.
If owing to pressure of other work in the office the ideal team is not available and senior management will need to pay greater attention to the job since either the line of delegation will be sparse at the top end, or well qualified and experienced surveyors will be forced to do mundane duties which could both lower morale and prove financially inefficient.
Delegation without enabling authority is of little value and the person delegating will never be free from the task and the subordinate never fired with the enthusiasm and dedication which comes with having authority.
The position and authority of subordinates must be clear, both internally and externally.
Senior personnel should only usurp their assistants in public when this is unavoidable, otherwise they will stunt initiative and reduce team cohesion.
Clear ground rules should be established so that those to whom authority is delegated appreciate the extent of their power and the situations and stages at which they should report back.
Delegation is not abrogation and the person who delegates retains accountability and therefore must be in ultimate control at all stages of the job.
An integral part of delegation is the setting of targets for those given responsibility for tasks.
Just as the work plan and timetable are essential tools in progressing instructions and so they can prove useful aids in target setting. The target should be identifiable as part of the total work plan.
The person to whom the task is delegated must be able to see the role of his task within that plan and adequate resources must be made available to him.
With targets set and the person delegating must give every encouragement along the way and not simply ignore the task until the next target date arrives.
Reference to the work plan and timetable during the course of the project will also be necessary in order to assess progress and consider resource allocation.
Discussion between the team leader and his surveyor must take place as the monitoring process should not be done by one person in isolation.
Continued interest will reassure the surveyors involved that responsibility is still felt at higher level and this will inevitably produce better quality work. At convenient points in the job an appraisal should be conducted.
This is a more objective discussion than progress monitoring and should concentrate on the problems the surveyor is encountering in his own contribution rather than the inherent problems of a particular job.
Current work will feature as a background in an appraisal, but the aim should also be to discover the success of delegating the responsibility from the viewpoint of both parties.

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Earlier remedies, which were used as tonics and restoratives…

sethcarr — Thu, 01 Jul 2010 04:53:24 +0000

Earlier remedies, which were used as tonics and restoratives or alternatives, were discarded as pharmaceutical flotsam by the tide of progress. This development is unique to Western medicine.
In indigenous medicine still practised all over the world, and in European traditional medicine and these same tonics are regarded as a necessary and important weapon.
Practitioners use these medicines as a first resort and to promote the energy, circulation and vitality of the person, with the presumption that timely intervention at this stage may prevent later illness. Tonics have the advantage that they are extremely safe.
Chinese medicine regards tonic and adjustive remedies as the most important (the “kings”) of all medicines while curative drugs are the least important (the “servants”).
The Chinese value medicines in proportion to their safety and ability to prevent disease.
In the West, effective herbal restoratives, health remedies and “blood purifiers” such as sage and sarsaparilla, liquorice, dandelion root, yarrows or mugwort, disappeared along with the rest.
The synthetic drugs reigned supreme, carrying their subliminal toll of side effects.
Soon after the turn of the century, however, in response to the demand of the market place and tonics returned again. But this time they were chemicals.
First there was iron.
Iron salts were added to tonics with the vague justification that because haemoglobin contained iron, more dietary iron would somehow enrich the blood.
Naturally, most of the iron tonics sold over chemists’ counters were bought because of the universal metaphor that iron equals strength rather than because of a popular awareness of the needs of haemoglobin.
In any event there was never any evidence that iron did any good for the non-anaemic, and it eventually fell out of fashion.

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No one is quite sure what should be…

sethcarr — Wed, 30 Jun 2010 21:19:15 +0000

No one is quite sure what should be counted as fear.
A child who cries is undoubtedly afraid, but a child who looks away may be as much indifferent as wary.
Children often begin by smiling but end in tears; are they therefore neutral overall?
Depending on the particular combination of methods researchers have used and they have reported a fear of strangers in all or nearly none of the babies studied.
Some workers believe they can see through the “emperor’s clothes”, arguing that if a fear of strangers is not actually an illusion, it is irredeemably elusive.
Most students of the phenomenon however, are convinced that it is “real” but that it depends exquisitely on the context.
Indeed, Alain Sroufe at the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota, urges that we stop trying to find the response in the child’s physiology, and learn instead to think of it as an “organisational construct”, an economic way in which the experimenter can characterise the pattern of behavioural linkages between the child and its environment.
By changing the experimental conditions and social psychologists are not really exposing the instability of the child’s fear but are causing the child to be afraid in different ways.
Fear of strangers is not a property of the child alone, but a social triangle between child, mother and experimenter. Change the relations between them and the fear also changes.
The assumption that a fear of strangers is a uniquely childish reaction has been questioned in a clever experiment by Karol Kaltenbach, Marsha Weinraub and William Fullard at Temple University, Philadelphia.
As well as confronting the child and recording its responses in the normal way and they also walked up to its surprised mother and noted how she behaved.
They found that mothers averted their gaze more than their babies did, especially as the experimenter moved closer.
They concluded that the wary response is more characteristic of the social circumstance than of the individual’s level of development.
Wary babies show that they have learnt to react as adults do to disturbing social intrusions “where they are approached regardless of their wishes and whether or not they provide appropriate invitational cues”. The value of measurement
The example of an infant’s fear of strangers shows, as we move from the detailed anatomy of behaviour to the rich, ambiguous concepts we use to make sense of everyday social intercourse and that the particular acts referred to matter less than the way they are organised, just as our interest in houses and rarely focuses on mud or wood or bricks.

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Thus it was with pleasure that…

sethcarr — Wed, 30 Jun 2010 14:25:43 +0000

Thus it was with pleasure that I came across this series of “cartoon stories for adults of any age”, created by French scientist Jean-Pierre Petit.
Archibald Higgins is an ever-curious adventurer who sets out to discover what the world is really like aided by a motley assortment of friends, including a blindfolded snail, a cockney pelican, and a shapely fairy godmother called Sophie.
My own favourite among the three books is Euclid Rules OK ?(pp 64) in which Archibald travels to various worlds to investigate their geometries.
Soon we find ourselves immersed in geodesics, hyperspheres, dimensionality, curvature and ideas of general relativity.
In Flight of Fancy (pp 64) he grapples with the problems of building a flying machine while Informagic (pp 72) finds him trapped in the workings of a giant computer.
Ian Stewart has done a first-rate job of translation, preserving the scientific content without losing any of the humour.
The result is that the books can be just as amusing on second reading, which is just as well given the ambitious content.
They are not for those who insist that learning must be a serious business and who would feel embarrassed to be caught reading a “comic book”. Personally I found them both informative and entertaining.
My only quibble was the lack of colour, but you can’t have everything. Perceptions of nature and ethics
“LET’S run some old nuclear power station footage, with the Pastoral Symphony as backing” “Great.
And we could reveal really relevant things like how the plants in Kew Gardens are actually the Spoils of Empire. And how Landseer became rich by painting nature red in tooth and claw. And stuff people like Lord Mark ignored.”
“Fantastic.
Then some concrete parallels, like how men tried to control chaotic nature and disorderly women at the same time. And Lake District shots, intercut with pictures of Jobcentres…”

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So dominant was the Weybridge bowl that…

sethcarr — Fri, 04 Jun 2010 00:49:34 +0000

So dominant was the Weybridge bowl that it was later accused of stifling the development of racing car design in the UK. It was not just a circuit and though.
It was also the home of the Brooklands Automobile Racing Club whose motto, “The right crowd and no crowding”, neatly summed up its attitude ” not for nothing has it been called the Ascot of the motor racing world.
It was also the cradle of the nation’s aircraft industry and starting with A V Roe’s historic flight in 1908. Jack Barclay’s Bentley (31) in 1929 “right crowd”
The war, of course, changed everything.
Vickers Aircraft was based there, and Brooklands expanded dramatically.
The Club House became Sir Barnes Wallis’s office, and part of the banking was removed to extend the runway, ending Brooklands’ use as a circuit forever.
It must be said and too and that by 1945 Brooklands-type racing ” flat out on bankings ” was old hat. Riley Imp, MG PA, period memorabilia on display
Then the aircraft industry declined and Vickers moved elsewhere.
Industrial estates sprang up, particularly along the west and south of the circuit ” in recent years Panther and AC have found their homes there. But there was a large section in the north-east corner that survived.
It was called “The 40-acre site” and it included “The Club House and the Members”Hill, various “sheds”" workshops ” like those of Malcolm Campbell and Dunlop, and part of the banking.
In 1967 the Brooklands Society was formed to preserve as much of the area as possible.
The track’s existence came under threat ” there was talk of it becoming a gravel pit and it was, after all, a prime industrial area ” but in 1982 tobacco giant Gallagher purchased the site and handed the important sections over to the Brooklands Museum Trust, erecting its new headquarters building where it would create least damage. 500-mile racers pound Brooklands banking in “33
The trust, a registered charity, was formed to overlook the remaining 30 acres of the site and to restore or refurbish wherever possible.
More than 25 historic buildings and features are gradually being returned to their original condition to house the museum’s collection of more than 30 aircraft, cars and motorcycles with Brooklands connections.
A promised gift from the Automobile Club de l’Ouest, organiser of the Le Mans 24-hour race, was a flying Tiger Moth aircraft (Brooklands and the Le Mans Museum were recently twinned).

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Problems of phytogenetic reconstruction by K. Joysey and A.

sethcarr — Sun, 30 May 2010 18:01:15 +0000

Problems of phytogenetic reconstruction by K. Joysey and A. Friday,Academic, pp 440, £31.40 Tom Kemp
THE SYMPOSIUM on phylogenetic construction held in Cambridge in 1980 was novel in one sense, for it consisted entirely of local rather than transatlantic talent, although a number of familiar Americans were certainly present in spirit.
It is a pity that this book contains only half (11) of the papers presented at the symposium and the rest having appeared in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , apparently for logistic rather than logical reasons.
Something of the underlying flavour of the symposium has been inevitably lost, and unfortunately some of the more provocative papers are not in my present remit.
In the past few years, many systematists have been trying to improve the scientific rigour of their subject, mostly by reformulating it in accord with Popperian-type hypothetico-deductive methods.
In this context, we now see the problems of systematics condensing around two major, interrelated questions, which form the two main themes running through most of the papers in this book.
The first question concerns the extent to which preconceptions about evolution should be allowed to influence the creation of classifications.
At one extreme and the “transformed cladists”, or “natural order systematists”, argue that classification should be based solely upon the perceived patterns of distribution of characters of organisms.
P. L. Forey offers us a somewhat smug polemic directly on this view (” In itself the scenario is harmless”; “the cause of that (taxonomic) pattern if it is considered desirable to know it”etc).
Colin Patterson on the other hand writes what is for me the most scholarly paper in the volume, pointing out that, from the transformed cladist point of view and the much discussed and abused term “homology” actually refers to those characters that define natural groups of organisms and need have no evolutionary connotations.
It strikes me that the transformed cladists have changed little except the words.
For “derived character” or “synapomorphy”read “homology”; for “evolutionary parsimony”read “maximal congruence”; for “hypothetical ancestor”read “morphotype”, and so on.
The logical processes for recognising “nested natural groups” do not differ in form from the more sensible logical processes applied to working out evolutionary relationships.
This much is implied in C. R. Hill and P. R. Crane’s (excessively) long discussion of angiosperm relationships.
A. J. Charig however, in the course of his detailed comparison of the main schools of systematics and sees natural order systematics as rather more of a bete noire than it deserves.
The second main theme in the book is the question of the extent to which fossils can contribute data of value to systematics, and it is, of course intimately entwined with the first question.
We see C. R. C. Paul discussing various methods of assessing the degree of completeness of the fossil record, and concluding that “we ignore the fossil record at our peril”, on one hand.
On the other we have Forey asserting that “Fossils have clouded rather than clarified our attempts to reconstruct phylogeny.”
The last word on this particular problem must, however, go to R. A. Fortey and R. P. S. Jefferies.
Having looked at a number of hypothetical fossil records varying in degree of completeness and they state that “Sometimes fossils can be used in phytogenetic reconstruction without reference to stratigraphy: sometimes they can be used in combination with stratigraphy: sometimes they cannot be used at all; and sometimes phylogeny is in principle not reconstructible .” Hard to disagree.
It is a pity that the editors have not provided anything in the way of an introduction, links between contributions, or even subdivision of the papers.
People who are not avid readers of Systematic Zoology and like journals that discuss such matters may find this volume a formidable prospect.
They may also find one or two of the papers unnecessarily long for the points they convey.

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There is great disagreement over the…

sethcarr — Tue, 25 May 2010 14:01:21 +0000

There is great disagreement over the effect of the Pill on immune function.
Some studies have shown that the Pill decreases antibody production slightly, and others have shown more allergies, infections and autoimmune diseases among Pill-takers.
But the differences are very small indeed, and most doctors feel that the effects of the contraceptive Pill on the immune system are insignificant.
However and there does seem to be a relationship between the level of the female sex hormones, oestrogen and progesterone, and the ease with which Candida infects the body.
But this is not a general suppression of the immune system, more a specific interaction between the sex hormones and Candida .
This may explain why candidiasis is so much more common in women generally, as well as showing how the Pill might influence candidiasis.
Anything that depresses the activity of the immune system can lead to Candida overgrowth.
Long-term use of corticosteroids for diseases such as asthma or rheumatoid arthritis can make people more susceptible, and Candida infections in the mouth and throat are a feature of AIDS.
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies (see p 261) can affect the immune system, as can stress (see p 140), and these factors may be important in some people with candidiasis. Candida overgrowth
Although the main site of Candida overgrowth is in the gut, it can also proliferate elsewhere ” in the vagina or mouth, and on the skin, especially in damp areas and such as between the toes. The common name used for infections in the mouth and vagina is thrush .
In the vagina and thrush produces an intense itching, and an unpleasant discharge in some cases.
In the mouth, it can produce a sore throat, or creamy-yellow patches inside the mouth that leave a sore area when they are rubbed off, or tiny red spots that show where the Candida infection has occurred.
If Candida gets into a woman’s urinary tract or bladder it can produce a form of cystitis ” characterized by a burning sensation when passing urine.
Babies are very susceptible to such infections, especially in the mouth, where Candida produces a creamy or grey-coloured membrane covering the tongue.
In newborn babies and the infection is usually picked up from the mother’s vagina during birth. Some cases of “nappy rash” are due to Candida .
Diabetic women run a higher risk of developing Candida infections in the vagina, because of the sugar in their urine ” sugar feeds the yeast. Thrush in the mouth is also more common in diabetics.
In the gut and the main symptom of candidiasis is said to be bloating and wind, because as the yeast ferments its food it produces prodigious quantities of carbon dioxide gas.
Diarrhoea and abdominal pain are also common symptoms, probably a result of toxins produced by the yeast. In some people there may be constipation.
Much more rarely,Candida can invade the eye and kidney, liver or brain, doing serious damage.
However and such infections only occur in people with a severe -immune defect, a serious disease affecting their hormones, or some other fundamental disorder. Long-distance symptoms?
The aspects of candidiasis discussed so far ” the infection of specific parts of the body ” is not in doubt.
What is more contentious is the claim that Candida overgrowth in the gut can affect other parts of the body, where there is no actual infection.
The belief that Candida can affect distant parts of the body ” including the brain ” is not based on hard scientific evidence.
But some doctors report that such “distant” symptoms clear up, along with the diarrhoea and bloating, when candidiasis in the gut is successfully treated.

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Both exploited to the utmost the greatest telescopic resources of…

sethcarr — Tue, 11 May 2010 20:52:35 +0000

Both exploited to the utmost the greatest telescopic resources of their times, and for both many of their discoveries resulted from massive programmes of systematic investigations.
More than anyone before him, Herschel extended the domain of astronomy beyond the confines of the Solar System to the whole Galaxy; Hubble extended it beyond the Galaxy to the “realm of the nebulae”" presumably to the whole physical Universe.
But of course there were differences ” besides the fact that Hubble had been an Oxford Blue in athletics.
Herschel worked always by himself, while Hubble worked in professional observatories that were the world’s finest for his kind of astronomy.
This book is a first-hand account of the most tremendous enlargement of astronomical science, written by its foremost pioneer.
It seems right to see Hubble’s greatness in recognising splendid opportunities and pursuing them with utmost devotion and superb vision.
Milton Humason who worked with him for over 30 years called him a “brilliant leader” and wrote, “He was sure of himself ” of what he wanted to do, and of how to do it.”
Using the 100-inch telescope on Mount Wilson, in 1923 Hubble identified for the first time a cepheid variable star in a spiral “nebula”(M 31 in Andromeda), and proceeded in the next few years to make similar discoveries in several other such “nebulae”. They gave reasonably valid distances for these objects.
Once and for all and these were shown to be systems comparable with our Galaxy and right outside it. Such was Hubble’s entry into the “realm of the nebulae”.
He went on to obtain plates centred on about 1300 selected areas scattered uniformly over 75 per cent of the whole sky, on which he was able to recognise some 44000 galaxies down to apparent magnitude about 20.
From this material he felt justified in inferring that the universe of galaxies is isotropic about ourselves, and in due course, in inferring that it is homogeneous in the large.
A by-product was his discovery of the “zone of avoidance” and his extensive investigation of obscuration by interstellar matter in the Galaxy.
He developed his methods for estimating distances by using step-by-step cepheid variables, novae, blue grant stars…entire galaxies as standard candles.
In the course of the work, Hubble set up the classification of galaxies displayed in his famous “tuning-fork” diagram, which has been used ever since.
Then in 1929, he announced his most astonishing discovery ” that of what immediately became known as “Hubble’s law of redshifts” It was the empirical discovery of the expansion of the Universe.
In the years following along with Humason, he added greatly to the observations on which his “law” was based.
Also he accumulated extensive statistics of luminosities of galaxies and other parameters, and with notable resourcefulness he estimated their masses.

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It is sad when sisters and brothers…

sethcarr — Sun, 09 May 2010 02:11:48 +0000

It is sad when sisters and brothers who have been on good terms quarrel about who gets what, whether the reasons for wanting a particular item are commercial or sentimental. “Mother always wanted me to have…” is not good enough.
Legal advisers suggest that anyone wishing a piece of jewellery or other valuable to go to a particular person and should list such unofficial bequests on a piece of paper and keep it with the official will.
When the family is all together, it is wise to suggest a fair method whereby family members (in-laws stand aside!) take turns to choose items great and small.
It is important not to risk giving cause for life-long resentments and recriminations.
It is surprising how long this kind of grudge can be remembered, perhaps because the occasion is inextricably mixed with feelings of loss and deprivation caused by the parent’s death.
It is very important to keep on happy and good terms with the family that are living and it is extremely sad when the death of a parent who loved all the children should be an unwitting source of family rifts. ACTION CHECKPOINTS
Encourage parents to make a will, or a new one when necessary. Recognize that grief takes many forms.
Take time to adjust to parents’ death.
Be honest in what you tell children about a grandparent’s death.
Begin to accept the responsibilities ” and privileges ” of being the “older generation”. Don’t duck the issues that death raises.
THE YOUNGER GENERATION
COPING WITH TEENAGERS

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